The Presence of Patriarchs in the Canon of Saint Andrew of Crete: A Hymnographic Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/ROOTS.2025.2.5Keywords:
St Andrew of Crete, the Great Canon, Patriarchs, Hymnographic exegesis, Liturgical literatureAbstract
This study examines the presence and theological significance of the Old Testament patriarchs in the Great Canon of Saint Andrew of Crete from the perspective of Byzantine hymnography. Employing a theological–literary and philological methodology, the research explores how the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are integrated into a theological discourse of profound moral and symbolic depth, becoming paradigms of repentance, faith, and obedience to God. Through scriptural analysis and comparative study of the original Greek text and its Romanian translation, the paper highlights the poetic and theological expression of the Canon, emphasizing the pedagogical and soteriological value of these biblical figures. From a hymnographic standpoint, the study analyzes the structure of the troparia, the relationship between versification and theological meaning, and the way in which Saint Andrew of Crete achieves a synthesis between the history of salvation and the personal call to metanoia.
References
Archiepiscopus Andreas Cretensis. “Magnus Canon.” In Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, vol. 97, col. 1330D–1386C. Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1860.
Biblia sau Sfânta Scriptură. Versiune diortosită după Septuaginta, redactată și adnotată de Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania. București: Institutul Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, 2001.
Boom, J.V. and Olteanu, A. “Have You Not Heard, My Soul [...]? The Great Kanon of St Andrew of Crete as a Multimodal Autocommunicative Text.” Sign Systems Studies 51.2 (2023): 301–28.
Clément, Olivier, “Notes sur le Grand Canon de Saint André de Crète.” Contacts 32.3 (1980): 206–34, 294–330.
Clément, Olivier, Le chant des larmes. Essai sur le repentir. Suivi de la traduction du poème sur le repentir par saint André de Crète. Paris: Stock, 1982.
Crossway Bibles. The ESV Study Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2008.
Cuv. Acachie Savaitul, Comentariu la Canonul cel Mare al Sfântului Andrei Criteanul. Translated by Pavel Steingasser. Iași: Doxologia, 2021.
Douglas, J. D., ed. Dicționar Biblic. Oradea: Cartea Creștină, 1995.
irmologion.nfo.sk. “Triodion Subory – Kanon AK Gr (csl_Ft).” Accessed 11.12.2025. https://irmologion.nfo.sk/TriodionSubory/kanonAKGr_csl_Ft.pdf.
Koutsa, Mitropolitul Simeon de Nea Smirna. Plânsul adamic. Canonul cel mare al Sfântului Andrei Criteanul. Translated by Alexandru Prelipcean. Iași: Doxologia, 2012.
Krueger, Derek, “The Great Kanon of Andrew of Crete, the Penitential Bible, and the Liturgical Formation of the Self in the Byzantine Dark Age.” In Between Personal and Institutional Religion: Self, Doctrine, and Practice in Late Antique Eastern Christianity. Edited by Benjamin Bitton-Ashkelony and Livia Perrone, 57–97. CELAMA 15. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013.
Lampe, G. W. H. A Patristic Greek Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
Leśniewski, Krzysztof, “The Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete: Scriptural, Liturgical and Hesychastic Invitation for an Encounter with God.” Vox Patrum 38 (2018): 429–47.
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart, and McKenzie, Roderick. A Greek–English Lexicon. 9th ed., with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Lust, Johannes; Eynikel, Erik and Hauspie, Katrin. A Greek–English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Revised edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003.
Matons, José Grosdidier de. “Liturgie et hymnographie: Kontakion et Canon.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 34/35 (1980–81): 31–43.
Pașca-Tușa, Stelian. “Erminia întrupării cuvântului scripturistic în Canonul Sfântului Andrei Cretanul.” Studii Teologice 3 (2017): 261-76.
Prelipcean, Alexandru. “From Adam to Moses: The Typology of the Old Testament Characters from the Kontakia of Romanos the Melodist and Its Assessment on the Great Canon of Andrew of Crete.” Review of Ecumenical Studies 7.3 (2015): 388–421.
Schmemann, Alexander. Great Lent. Revised edition. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1974.
Septuaginta. Id est Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX Interpretes. Editio altera. Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006.
Sf. Evagrie Ponticul, Filocalia, vol. 1. Translated by Dumitru Stăniloae. Sibiu, 1947.
Sf. Grigorie de Nazianz, Taina M-a uns – Cuvântări. Translated by Gheorghe Tilea. București: Editura Herald, 2004.
Sf. Ioan Gură de Aur, Omilii la Facere, vol. I–II. Translated by Dumitru Fecioru. București: Institutul Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă, 2003.
Sf. Ioan Scărarul, Filocalia, vol. 9. Translated by Dumitru Stăniloae. București: Institutul Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă, 2013.
Sf. Maxim Mărturisitorul, Ambigua, PSB 80. Translated by Dumitru Stăniloae. București: Institutul Biblic și de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, 1983.
Sf. Maxim Mărturisitorul, Filocalia, vol. 2: Cuvânt ascetic, Capete despre dragoste, Capete teologice, Întrebări, nedumeriri și răspunsuri, Tâlcuire la Tatăl nostru. Translated by Dumitru Stăniloae. București: Apologeticum, 2005.
Sf. Vasile cel Mare, Omilii la psalmi, PSB 17. Translated by Dumitru Fecioru. București: Institutul Biblic și de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, 1986.
Triodul. București: Editura Institutului Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă, 2010.
Τριώδιον Κατανυκτικόν: Περιέχον ἅπασαν τὴν ἀνήκουσαν αὐτῷ ἀκολουθίαν τῆς ἁγίας καὶ Μεγάλης Τεσσαρακοστῆς: ἀπὸ τῆς Κυριακῆς τοῦ Τελώνου καὶ τοῦ Φαρισαίου μέχρι τοῦ Ἁγίου καὶ Μεγάλου Σαββάτου. Athens: Apostoliki Diakonia of the Church of Greece, 1994.
Usca, Ioan Sorin. Vechiul Testament în tâlcuirea Sfinților Părinți. Facerea: Comentarii la Cartea Facerii. București: Editura Christiana, 2002.
Wellesz, Egon. A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography. 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.